Drone Pilot Certification: Difference between revisions

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To fly a drone that weighs more than 0.55lb, you must register it with the FAA.  The FAA requires that the drone broadcast a Remote ID.  You must include that when registering your drone, unless you register it as recreational.
To fly a drone commercially, and to get approvals for non-standard flights, you must operate under Part 107 rules (ie you must have that certification).


To get approvals for non-standard flights, you must be a registered pilot. To register as a pilot, you must pass Test 107.
To fly a drone that weighs more than 0.55lb, you must register it with the FAA.  The FAA requires that the drone broadcast a Remote ID.  You must include that when registering your drone.
 
NOTE It may be that a [https://hamradioprep.com/fpv-drones-using-a-ham-radio-license/ ham radio license is also required] for DIY FPV drone flying.
 
== Certification steps ==
 
* Register at https://iacra.faa.gov/IACRA/Default.aspx to get a Federal Tracking Number
* [https://faadronezone-operator.faa.gov/#/part107 Sign up] as a 107 pilot
* [https://faa.psiexams.com/FAA Sign up] for a "Unmanned Aircraft General – Small (UAG)" certification test at a testing facility ($170)
* Apply online for a Remote Pilot Certificate using the 17-digit Knowledge Test Exam ID
* Print a temporary certificate while waiting for the official one to be mailed


== Test 107 ==
== Test 107 ==
NOTE I used pic@thedigitalmachine.com to sign up for my test!
Sign up for the test [https://faa.psiexams.com/faa/login here].  NOTE I used pic@thedigitalmachine.com to sign up!
 
Select test: Unmanned Aircraft General - Small (UAG)
 
CODE TEST NAME: UAG Unmanned Aircraft General
NUMBER OF QUESTIONS 60
AGE 14
ALLOTTED TIME 2hrs
PASSING SCORE 70


Test is on Tuesday 2023/06/20 at 6pm
Test is on Tuesday 2023/06/20 at 6pm


5711 Six Forks Rd Suite 208, Raleigh, NC 27609 844-704-1487
                PSI Examination Services-Raleigh 844-704-1487
                5711 Six Forks Rd Suite 208 Raleigh , NC 27609
                Tuesday, June 20, 2023
                6:00 PM - 8:30 PM
 
=== Allowed Materials ===
 
Allowed Materials
 
All models of aviation-oriented calculators may be used, including small electronic calculators that perform only arithmetic functions (add, subtract, multiply, and divide). Simple programmable memories (which allow addition to, subtraction from, or retrieval of one number from the memory) are permissible. Also, simple functions, such as square root and percent keys, are permissible. Applicants may use scales, straightedges, protractors, plotters, navigation computers, blank logsheets, holding pattern entry aids, and electronic or mechanical calculators that are directly related to the test. For more detailed information, please consult [http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/test_guides/ guide].
 
Prohibited Materials
 
Applicants for airman knowledge tests may not take any written materials (either handwritten, printed, or electronic) other than the supplement book provided by the proctor into the testing area. The use of magnetic cards, magnetic tapes, modules, computer chips, or any other device upon which prewritten programs or information related to the test can be stored and retrieved is prohibited. Applicants are not allowed to bring personal writing utensils into the testing room; any required writing utensils will be provided by the proctor and collected at the conclusion of the test.
 
=== Recurrent Education ===
If you have a Remote Pilot Certificate, you are required to have completed one of the following online training courses within the previous 24 calendar months to operate UAS under part 107:
 
Anyone who holds a part 107 remote pilot certificate (regardless of aeronautical knowledge recency):
 
    Complete the [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/CourseLanding.aspx?cID=677 Part 107 Small UAS Recurrent (ALC-677) online training course (no cost)]
 
Part 107 remote pilots who are also certificated with a current flight review under part 61:
 
    Complete the [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/CourseLanding.aspx?cID=515 Part 107 Small UAS Recurrent (ALC-515) online training course (no cost)]


You can read the [https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/acs/media/uas_acs.pdf Remote Pilot –Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Airman Certification Standards (PDF).]
=== Test Confidentiality ===
Note that these resources were all prepared from publicly available sources, focusing on resources provided directly by the FAA.  This was all collated before I took the test, and does not contain anything from my actual test.  The test questions on the actual test I took are closely guarded and may not be shared, as per the terms of the administrator of the test (PSI in my case).
== Test 107 resources ==
=== FAA practice test ===
https://faa.psiexams.com/faa/login
https://faa.psiexams.com/faa/login


https://uasdoc.faa.gov/listDocs
Practice Exams > (bottom of list) Unmanned Aircraft General - Small (UAG) > Select
 
Gruelling 45 questions that will take over an hour, very educational to understand what the hell to study... you might want to grade yourself as you go, they will email the results at the end but it is a bit flaky.
 
Also see [[#Recurrent Education|Recurrent Ed]] for the sample test available there.
 
More resources, so so many more...
* [https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/remote_pilot_study_guide.pdf Study Guide]
* [https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/training_testing/testing/supplements/sport_rec_private_akts.pdf THE REQUIRED SUPPLEMENT] with figures referenced by the practice (and actual??) test - it is huge!  Do they give you this during the test?
* [https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak Pilot's handbook of aeronautical knowledge]
* [https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/AIM_Basic_dtd_10-12-17.pdf Aeronautical Info Manual]
* [https://pilotinstitute.com/sectional-chart/ How to read a sectional chart], EXTREMELY helpful hard-to-find info!
* [https://jrupprechtlaw.com/part-107-test-study-guide/ Lawyer's Free Study Guide]
** study Areas I, II, and V from the [https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/acs ACS] since both of those areas will make up the majority of the test
** (^ that led me to a [https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/training_testing/testing/test_questions/uag_questions.pdf set of UAG test sample questions], it's all so scattered!)
* FAA courses (why are these not more easily discoverable?)
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=723 10 Decision-Making Concepts for UAS Pilots]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=704 sUAS Crew Resource Management]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=703 sUAS Night Operations, Best Practices]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=678 sUAS Safety & Risk Mitigation]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=803 sUAS: Regulations, Laws, Airspace Ownership and FAA Enforcement]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=564 1800WXBRIEF The Best Of The Future Of Flight Service]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=515 Part 107 Small UAS Recurrent - Part 61 Pilots]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=879 Part 107 Night Training Course]
** [https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?enroll=true&cID=553 Commercial Drone Pilot: CFR Part 107 Explained]


https://iacra.faa.gov/IACRA/default.aspx
AND LOTS MORE!  Hard to navigate!


https://faa.psiexams.com/FAA/
== Test 107 Q&A ==


https://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/testing_matrix
=== Latitude and Longitude ===


== Test 107 resources ==
Measurement from 0-360 degrees, 0-60 minutes, 0-60 seconds.
 
Latitude: 0 degrees at equator to +90 degrees N at north polar cap and -90 degrees S at south polar cap.  US is between
 
Longitude: 0 degrees at Greenwich, England to +180 degrees E / -180 degrees W.


=== AGL vs MSL ===
=== AGL vs MSL ===
Line 32: Line 111:
=== What is a temperature inversion? ===
=== What is a temperature inversion? ===
Stable air masses of cooler air trapped by warmer air above it.
Stable air masses of cooler air trapped by warmer air above it.
Causes clear skies, calm wind, dew/fog, horizontal smoke patterns,  
Causes clear skies, calm wind, dew/fog, horizontal smoke patterns,  
https://www.weather.gov/media/lzk/inversion101.pdf
https://www.weather.gov/media/lzk/inversion101.pdf
=== What is high density altitude? ===
=== What is high density altitude? ===
On a hot, muggy day, the air becomes "thinner" or less dense, and its density at a pilot's location is equivalent to a higher altitude in the standard atmosphere. Thus the term "high density altitude." Reduced power, thrust, lift, less responsive aircraft.
On a hot, muggy day, the air becomes "thinner" or less dense, and its density at a pilot's location is equivalent to a higher altitude in the standard atmosphere. Thus the term "high density altitude."
 
Reduced power, thrust, lift, less responsive aircraft.
 
https://www.weather.gov/zse/HighDensityAltitude
https://www.weather.gov/zse/HighDensityAltitude


=== What is a moist unstable air mass? ===
=== What is a moist unstable air mass? ===
An unstable air mass is characterized by warm moist air near the surface and cold dry air aloft.
An unstable air mass is characterized by warm moist air near the surface and cold dry air aloft.
Results in clear air, turbulence, precipitation, cumuliform clouds.  NOT hazy or smooth!
https://glenallenweather.com/alink/20thunder/ingredientsthunderstorms.pdf
https://glenallenweather.com/alink/20thunder/ingredientsthunderstorms.pdf
=== Lat/Long question ===
What airport is at 47 40 N 101 26 W?
DO NOT ASSUME the unmarked line south of 48 degrees is the next degree (47).  If you do, it will look like "Shemchenko" is under that point.  But you should not look at unmarked lat/long lines and assume they are the next degree.  Instead, COUNT THE TICKS, they are each ONE DEGREE, and 5 and 10 are marked out with bigger ticks.  It turns out that "other" unmarked line is 47'30".  How tf you supposed to know that?  That's just the way it is.  [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTbqgWR5wmM This video] helps.
=== Sectional Chart airport descriptors ===
Described well [https://pilotinstitute.com/sectional-chart/ here].
The Airport Nm (TAN)        airport name and 3-letter ID
CT - 118.2 * (C)            (C), a dark blue circle, indicates CTAF pilot-to-pilot broadcasts at 118.2 MHz
ASOS 118.725                ASOS weather info broadcast at 118.725 Mhz
1716 *L 77 122.95          Airport elevation is 1716 MSL; Length of runway is 7700'; CONTROL TOWER broadcasts at 122.95 MHz
=== Sectional Chart controlled airspace ===
What is the floor of the Savannah Class C airspace at the shelf area (outer circle)?  1300 feet AGL | 1300 feet MSL | 1700 feet MSL
[https://youtu.be/FXDoxqmgWxA This video] is gold.
It is the PURPLE NUMERATOR/DENOMINATOR NUMBER on the chart, ALWAYS IN MSL unless it is in (PARENTHESES) then it is AGL - in hundreds of feet!  crazy shit...
41
--
13
Airspace class B is BLUE SOLID LINE.  Look for NUM/DEN for ceil/floor.
Airspace class C is RED/MAGENTA SOLID LINE.  Again look for NUM/DEN.
Airspace class D is BLUE DOTTED LINE.  Ceiling is in dashed box in hundreds of feet!
Airspace class E is RED/MAGENTA DOTTED LINE.
=== METARS ===
METARS fig 12 conditions at Midway KMDW?  Sky 700 feet overcast, vis 1-1/2sm, rain
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag5ZRBfNC-E Olga's video explains.]
SPECI KMDW 121856Z 32005KT 1 1/2SM RA OVC007 17/16 A2980 RMK RAB35
SPECI: METAR if no change, SPECI if changed from standard)
KMDW: the airport
121856Z: time/date, 12 = date, 1856Z = UTC 24-hr time
32005KT: 320 wind direction (0 is north?), 05KT = 5 knots
  Gusting example 11012G18KT: 110 wind dir, 12 knots wind dir, G18 gusting to 18 knots
1 1/2sm: visibility, you can see 1.5 statute miles
RA: type of weather, RA = rain, BR = mist, DZ = drizzle; +/- = heavy/light
OVC007: cloud coverage, OVC = overcast, BKN = broken; 007 = clouds at 00700 feet
17/16: temp/dewpoint
A2980: altometer barometric pressure 29.80 inches of mercury
RMK: remarks (additional info), RAB35 = rain started 35min after the hour
=== Runway descriptions ===
Fig 26 area 2: Cooperstown While monitoring a CTAF frequency, an aircraft announces they are  "midfield left downwind to runway one-three." Where is the aircraft relative to the runway?
east of runway | south | west
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z44-Cp1HKTs Olga explains].
THIS IS FUCKED.  Proceed carefully and diligently and you will get it.
GIVEN:
* INFERRED after studying this: Aircraft liftoff and landing is optimal AGAINST THE WIND.  Legs are named with this in mind.
* CTAF: common traffic advisory frequency (plane to plane radio when there is no tower)
* For compass degrees, NORTH IS ZERO, roll right, back around to zero as you come back up and to the right on the compass wheel.
one-three: Runway numbering like 27 means 270 degrees.  You don't say 27, you say two-seven.  YOU LAND GOING IN THIS DIRECTION.  REPEAT THIS DESCRIBES LANDING, NOT TAKEOFF.  YOU ARE LANDING IN THAT DIRECTION OF THE COMPASS.  For example, you fly east to land on runway nine, and west to land on runway two-seven.  It looks like a runway has ONE number at one end, and a 180 degree different number at the other end, for view by pilots that are landing.
left: Left hand traffic pattern is standard.  You take left-hand turns through the legs (see next part).
downwind: Downwind means they are following the downwind leg.  The Downwind leg is the leg for landing, opposite of the final leg for taking off.  Land on it, then you take the base leg to the final leg.  And you have to combine this with left/right hand traffic pattern.  Left-hand says the turns are all left-hand turns.  On take-off, the same designations for landing still remain I guess?  THAT IS SOME FUCKED UP SHIT.  lolz.
Midfield = halfway down the runway.
=== More ===
Videos from Olga Andreeva stepping through test prep!
* [https://youtu.be/UY4LYGoqfvc Part 107 Test Prep: Obstructions and Airport Elevations on Sectional Charts]
* [https://youtu.be/gqZg6DflNz8 Identifying Airspaces on sectional charts]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z44-Cp1HKTs Runway markings]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEpcY6P-ow0 Runway markings pt2]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag5ZRBfNC-E Reading METAR reports (tricky!)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v0n38FWMjI Reading TAF reports pt1]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pZIx1HTI-U Reading TAF reports pt2]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DnupP9NrOk Reading TAF reports pt3]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s28DrY746eE Hazardous Attitudes]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHMnmMDCrys More Section Chart Practice Problems]
Need help on:
How do you find if Devil's Lake West MOA is active?
refer to chart legend | avail in Small UAS db | refer to mil. ops. directory
(Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, Figure 22, area 2.) At Coeur D`Alene which frequency should be used as a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to monitor airport traffic?
A. 122.05 MHz.
B. 135.075 MHz.
C. 122.8 MHz.
attitudes (macho, impulsivity...)
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
Airport map details like Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
PIC should scan sky by... (what else do I need to know?)
Practice test notes on easier questions...
<pre>
                questions:
                        what does the line of latitude at area 4 measure? (n/s of equator)
                        Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, Figure 59, area 2,
                          the chart shows a gray line with "VR1667, VR1617, and.." Could this present a hazard to UA?
                            no, operations will be above 400' | yes this is a mil. training route from surf to 1500 feet AGL | yes th\
e route provides traffic separation to manned aircraft
                        According to 14 CFR part 107, remote pilot in command (PIC) in Class C airspace..
                            must use visual observer | is required to file flight plan | req ATC auth
                        Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, figure 20, area 5; how would a PIC "CHECK NOTAMS"
                            as noted in CAUTION box regarding the unmarked balloon?
                        UA center of gravity limits, see specs in...
                            UAS flight manual | Aeronautical Info Manual (AIM) | Aircraft Weight/Bal handbook
                        When op'ing a fixed-wing UAS, PIC shd note that load factor on wings may increase...
                            the CG is shifted rearward to the aft CG limit | non-straight-level flight | gross weight reduced
                        Stall when smooth airflow over wing of fixed UAS is disrupted and lift degens. Cause:
                            exceed max speed | exceed weight | exceed critical angle of attack
                        Refer to figure 2; for fixed UAS of 33lbs, what weight req of structure during 30 degree banked turn while mai\
ntaining altitude?
                              34 | 47 | 38 - from chart, 30deg = 1.154 multiplier; 33 * 1.154 = 38
                        What is true regarding presence of alcohol in human body?
                              vision boost | water helps | judgement affected DOH
                        Who is responsible for briefing participants about emerg. procedures?
                              the remote PIC
                        To avoid collision with manned aircraft you went to > 600' AGL.  Report to...
                              Air traffic control | National Transp safetyboard | Upon request of FAA
                        Small UA sched. maint.
                              -> when manuf. doesnt provide | UAS not needed | when FAA requires, after accident
                        14 CFR part 107 says responsibility to inspect UAS for safety rests with
                          PIC
                        To prevent final "link" in accident chain, methodology =
                          -> Crew Resource Mgmt | Safety Mgmt System | Risk Mgmt
                        Crew Resource Mgmt (CRM) adapted for UA, integrated into all phases
                        Bad Attitude = impusivity, machismo, invulnerability
                        Fig 22 area 2: at Coeur D'Alene, which freq for CTAF to monitor traffic?
                            122.05 MHz | 135.075 | 122.8
                        Fig 26 area 4 what auth for 46.9N 98.6W near Jamestown Regional JMS?
                            mil | -> ATC | Natl Park Serv
                        Fig 20 area 3 with ATC auth, at 4 SM southeast of ECG, what hazard?
                            mil ops| unmarked balloon on a cable up to 3008 ft AGL | 3008 ft MSL
                        Most compr. airport info is from
                            Chart Supplements US | Notices to Aire Missions NOTAMS | Terminal Area Chart (TAC)
                        who resp. for determining perf. of UAS
                            PIC
                        when must register with FAA?
                            all > .55lbs
                        must be 13 to register
                        after sunset: need anti-collision lights?
                        1800wxbrief.com says low-level temp inversion w high rel. humidity
                                        smooth air, poor viz | light wind shear, light rain | turbulent air, poor viz, fog...  WTF!
                        what effect does high density altitude have on efficiency of UA propeller?
                            eff is incr. | eff. is decreased | density alt. does not affect prop eff.
                        moist unstable air mass =
                        stable air =
                        figure 12: wind direction and velocity at KJFK is
                              180deg true at 4 knots | ... magnetic ... | 040deg true at 18 knots
                        when can sUAS PIC reduce lights? when in interest of safety (???) | at no time
                        sUAS pilot used bright light: takes 30 min to adjust to darkness
                        if standard remote id fails: land as soon as practical
                        where must serial number be listed when using standard remote id or a broadcast module?
                              Doc of compliance | mfr's method of compliance | Certificate of Aircraft Registration
                        for Category 1 operations, PIC must weigh: < 0.55lbs
                        which Cat must have airworthyness certificate from FAA? -> 4 | 3 | 2
</pre>


== Background ==
== Background ==
https://hamradioprep.com/fpv-drones-using-a-ham-radio-license/
https://hamradioprep.com/fpv-drones-using-a-ham-radio-license/
https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot
https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot

Latest revision as of 15:56, 4 July 2023

To fly a drone commercially, and to get approvals for non-standard flights, you must operate under Part 107 rules (ie you must have that certification).

To fly a drone that weighs more than 0.55lb, you must register it with the FAA. The FAA requires that the drone broadcast a Remote ID. You must include that when registering your drone.

NOTE It may be that a ham radio license is also required for DIY FPV drone flying.

Certification steps

  • Register at https://iacra.faa.gov/IACRA/Default.aspx to get a Federal Tracking Number
  • Sign up as a 107 pilot
  • Sign up for a "Unmanned Aircraft General – Small (UAG)" certification test at a testing facility ($170)
  • Apply online for a Remote Pilot Certificate using the 17-digit Knowledge Test Exam ID
  • Print a temporary certificate while waiting for the official one to be mailed

Test 107

Sign up for the test here. NOTE I used pic@thedigitalmachine.com to sign up!

Select test: Unmanned Aircraft General - Small (UAG) 

CODE TEST NAME: UAG Unmanned Aircraft General
NUMBER OF QUESTIONS 60
AGE 14
ALLOTTED TIME 2hrs
PASSING SCORE 70

Test is on Tuesday 2023/06/20 at 6pm 

               PSI Examination Services-Raleigh 844-704-1487
               5711 Six Forks Rd Suite 208 Raleigh , NC 27609
               Tuesday, June 20, 2023
               6:00 PM - 8:30 PM

Allowed Materials

Allowed Materials

All models of aviation-oriented calculators may be used, including small electronic calculators that perform only arithmetic functions (add, subtract, multiply, and divide). Simple programmable memories (which allow addition to, subtraction from, or retrieval of one number from the memory) are permissible. Also, simple functions, such as square root and percent keys, are permissible. Applicants may use scales, straightedges, protractors, plotters, navigation computers, blank logsheets, holding pattern entry aids, and electronic or mechanical calculators that are directly related to the test. For more detailed information, please consult guide.

Prohibited Materials

Applicants for airman knowledge tests may not take any written materials (either handwritten, printed, or electronic) other than the supplement book provided by the proctor into the testing area. The use of magnetic cards, magnetic tapes, modules, computer chips, or any other device upon which prewritten programs or information related to the test can be stored and retrieved is prohibited. Applicants are not allowed to bring personal writing utensils into the testing room; any required writing utensils will be provided by the proctor and collected at the conclusion of the test.

Recurrent Education

If you have a Remote Pilot Certificate, you are required to have completed one of the following online training courses within the previous 24 calendar months to operate UAS under part 107:

Anyone who holds a part 107 remote pilot certificate (regardless of aeronautical knowledge recency): 

   Complete the Part 107 Small UAS Recurrent (ALC-677) online training course (no cost)

Part 107 remote pilots who are also certificated with a current flight review under part 61: 

   Complete the Part 107 Small UAS Recurrent (ALC-515) online training course (no cost)

You can read the Remote Pilot –Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Airman Certification Standards (PDF).

Test Confidentiality

Note that these resources were all prepared from publicly available sources, focusing on resources provided directly by the FAA. This was all collated before I took the test, and does not contain anything from my actual test. The test questions on the actual test I took are closely guarded and may not be shared, as per the terms of the administrator of the test (PSI in my case).

Test 107 resources

FAA practice test

https://faa.psiexams.com/faa/login

Practice Exams > (bottom of list) Unmanned Aircraft General - Small (UAG) > Select

Gruelling 45 questions that will take over an hour, very educational to understand what the hell to study... you might want to grade yourself as you go, they will email the results at the end but it is a bit flaky.

Also see Recurrent Ed for the sample test available there.

More resources, so so many more...

AND LOTS MORE! Hard to navigate!

Test 107 Q&A

Latitude and Longitude

Measurement from 0-360 degrees, 0-60 minutes, 0-60 seconds.

Latitude: 0 degrees at equator to +90 degrees N at north polar cap and -90 degrees S at south polar cap. US is between

Longitude: 0 degrees at Greenwich, England to +180 degrees E / -180 degrees W.

AGL vs MSL

Mean Sea Level (MSL) is absolute height above standard sea level. Most common. Used to calculate atmospheric pressure, eg.

Above Ground Level (AGL) is the distance from ground to height.

https://www.dronepilotgroundschool.com/kb/what-is-the-difference-between-agl-and-msl/

What is a temperature inversion?

Stable air masses of cooler air trapped by warmer air above it.

Causes clear skies, calm wind, dew/fog, horizontal smoke patterns,

https://www.weather.gov/media/lzk/inversion101.pdf

What is high density altitude?

On a hot, muggy day, the air becomes "thinner" or less dense, and its density at a pilot's location is equivalent to a higher altitude in the standard atmosphere. Thus the term "high density altitude."

Reduced power, thrust, lift, less responsive aircraft.

https://www.weather.gov/zse/HighDensityAltitude

What is a moist unstable air mass?

An unstable air mass is characterized by warm moist air near the surface and cold dry air aloft.

Results in clear air, turbulence, precipitation, cumuliform clouds. NOT hazy or smooth!

https://glenallenweather.com/alink/20thunder/ingredientsthunderstorms.pdf

Lat/Long question

What airport is at 47 40 N 101 26 W?

DO NOT ASSUME the unmarked line south of 48 degrees is the next degree (47). If you do, it will look like "Shemchenko" is under that point. But you should not look at unmarked lat/long lines and assume they are the next degree. Instead, COUNT THE TICKS, they are each ONE DEGREE, and 5 and 10 are marked out with bigger ticks. It turns out that "other" unmarked line is 47'30". How tf you supposed to know that? That's just the way it is. This video helps.

Sectional Chart airport descriptors

Described well here. 

The Airport Nm (TAN)        airport name and 3-letter ID
CT - 118.2 * (C)            (C), a dark blue circle, indicates CTAF pilot-to-pilot broadcasts at 118.2 MHz
ASOS 118.725                ASOS weather info broadcast at 118.725 Mhz
1716 *L 77 122.95           Airport elevation is 1716 MSL; Length of runway is 7700'; CONTROL TOWER broadcasts at 122.95 MHz

Sectional Chart controlled airspace

What is the floor of the Savannah Class C airspace at the shelf area (outer circle)? 1300 feet AGL | 1300 feet MSL | 1700 feet MSL

This video is gold.

It is the PURPLE NUMERATOR/DENOMINATOR NUMBER on the chart, ALWAYS IN MSL unless it is in (PARENTHESES) then it is AGL - in hundreds of feet! crazy shit... 

41
--
13

Airspace class B is BLUE SOLID LINE. Look for NUM/DEN for ceil/floor.

Airspace class C is RED/MAGENTA SOLID LINE. Again look for NUM/DEN.

Airspace class D is BLUE DOTTED LINE. Ceiling is in dashed box in hundreds of feet!

Airspace class E is RED/MAGENTA DOTTED LINE.

METARS

METARS fig 12 conditions at Midway KMDW? Sky 700 feet overcast, vis 1-1/2sm, rain

Olga's video explains. 

SPECI KMDW 121856Z 32005KT 1 1/2SM RA OVC007 17/16 A2980 RMK RAB35

SPECI: METAR if no change, SPECI if changed from standard)
KMDW: the airport
121856Z: time/date, 12 = date, 1856Z = UTC 24-hr time
32005KT: 320 wind direction (0 is north?), 05KT = 5 knots
  Gusting example 11012G18KT: 110 wind dir, 12 knots wind dir, G18 gusting to 18 knots
1 1/2sm: visibility, you can see 1.5 statute miles
RA: type of weather, RA = rain, BR = mist, DZ = drizzle; +/- = heavy/light
OVC007: cloud coverage, OVC = overcast, BKN = broken; 007 = clouds at 00700 feet
17/16: temp/dewpoint
A2980: altometer barometric pressure 29.80 inches of mercury
RMK: remarks (additional info), RAB35 = rain started 35min after the hour

Runway descriptions

Fig 26 area 2: Cooperstown While monitoring a CTAF frequency, an aircraft announces they are  "midfield left downwind to runway one-three." Where is the aircraft relative to the runway?
east of runway | south | west

Olga explains.

THIS IS FUCKED. Proceed carefully and diligently and you will get it.

GIVEN:

  • INFERRED after studying this: Aircraft liftoff and landing is optimal AGAINST THE WIND. Legs are named with this in mind.
  • CTAF: common traffic advisory frequency (plane to plane radio when there is no tower)
  • For compass degrees, NORTH IS ZERO, roll right, back around to zero as you come back up and to the right on the compass wheel.

one-three: Runway numbering like 27 means 270 degrees. You don't say 27, you say two-seven. YOU LAND GOING IN THIS DIRECTION. REPEAT THIS DESCRIBES LANDING, NOT TAKEOFF. YOU ARE LANDING IN THAT DIRECTION OF THE COMPASS. For example, you fly east to land on runway nine, and west to land on runway two-seven. It looks like a runway has ONE number at one end, and a 180 degree different number at the other end, for view by pilots that are landing.

left: Left hand traffic pattern is standard. You take left-hand turns through the legs (see next part).

downwind: Downwind means they are following the downwind leg. The Downwind leg is the leg for landing, opposite of the final leg for taking off. Land on it, then you take the base leg to the final leg. And you have to combine this with left/right hand traffic pattern. Left-hand says the turns are all left-hand turns. On take-off, the same designations for landing still remain I guess? THAT IS SOME FUCKED UP SHIT. lolz.

Midfield = halfway down the runway.

More

Videos from Olga Andreeva stepping through test prep!

Need help on: 

How do you find if Devil's Lake West MOA is active?
refer to chart legend | avail in Small UAS db | refer to mil. ops. directory

(Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, Figure 22, area 2.) At Coeur D`Alene which frequency should be used as a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to monitor airport traffic?
A. 122.05 MHz.
B. 135.075 MHz.
C. 122.8 MHz.

attitudes (macho, impulsivity...)

Crew Resource Management (CRM)

Airport map details like Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)

PIC should scan sky by... (what else do I need to know?)

Practice test notes on easier questions... 

                questions:
                        what does the line of latitude at area 4 measure? (n/s of equator)
                        Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, Figure 59, area 2,
                          the chart shows a gray line with "VR1667, VR1617, and.." Could this present a hazard to UA?
                             no, operations will be above 400' | yes this is a mil. training route from surf to 1500 feet AGL | yes th\
e route provides traffic separation to manned aircraft
                        According to 14 CFR part 107, remote pilot in command (PIC) in Class C airspace..
                             must use visual observer | is required to file flight plan | req ATC auth
                        Refer to FAA-CT-8080-2H, figure 20, area 5; how would a PIC "CHECK NOTAMS"
                             as noted in CAUTION box regarding the unmarked balloon?
                        UA center of gravity limits, see specs in...
                             UAS flight manual | Aeronautical Info Manual (AIM) | Aircraft Weight/Bal handbook
                        When op'ing a fixed-wing UAS, PIC shd note that load factor on wings may increase...
                             the CG is shifted rearward to the aft CG limit | non-straight-level flight | gross weight reduced
                        Stall when smooth airflow over wing of fixed UAS is disrupted and lift degens. Cause:
                             exceed max speed | exceed weight | exceed critical angle of attack
                        Refer to figure 2; for fixed UAS of 33lbs, what weight req of structure during 30 degree banked turn while mai\
ntaining altitude?
                              34 | 47 | 38 - from chart, 30deg = 1.154 multiplier; 33 * 1.154 = 38
                        What is true regarding presence of alcohol in human body?
                              vision boost | water helps | judgement affected DOH
                        Who is responsible for briefing participants about emerg. procedures?
                              the remote PIC
                        To avoid collision with manned aircraft you went to > 600' AGL.  Report to...
                              Air traffic control | National Transp safetyboard | Upon request of FAA
                        Small UA sched. maint.
                              -> when manuf. doesnt provide | UAS not needed | when FAA requires, after accident
                        14 CFR part 107 says responsibility to inspect UAS for safety rests with
                           PIC
                        To prevent final "link" in accident chain, methodology =
                           -> Crew Resource Mgmt | Safety Mgmt System | Risk Mgmt
                        Crew Resource Mgmt (CRM) adapted for UA, integrated into all phases
                        Bad Attitude = impusivity, machismo, invulnerability
                        Fig 22 area 2: at Coeur D'Alene, which freq for CTAF to monitor traffic?
                            122.05 MHz | 135.075 | 122.8
                        Fig 26 area 4 what auth for 46.9N 98.6W near Jamestown Regional JMS?
                            mil | -> ATC | Natl Park Serv
                        Fig 20 area 3 with ATC auth, at 4 SM southeast of ECG, what hazard?
                            mil ops| unmarked balloon on a cable up to 3008 ft AGL | 3008 ft MSL
                        Most compr. airport info is from
                             Chart Supplements US | Notices to Aire Missions NOTAMS | Terminal Area Chart (TAC)
                        who resp. for determining perf. of UAS
                            PIC
                        when must register with FAA?
                            all > .55lbs
                        must be 13 to register
                        after sunset: need anti-collision lights?
                        1800wxbrief.com says low-level temp inversion w high rel. humidity
                                        smooth air, poor viz | light wind shear, light rain | turbulent air, poor viz, fog...  WTF!
                        what effect does high density altitude have on efficiency of UA propeller?
                             eff is incr. | eff. is decreased | density alt. does not affect prop eff.
                        moist unstable air mass =
                        stable air =
                        figure 12: wind direction and velocity at KJFK is
                               180deg true at 4 knots | ... magnetic ... | 040deg true at 18 knots
                        when can sUAS PIC reduce lights? when in interest of safety (???) | at no time
                        sUAS pilot used bright light: takes 30 min to adjust to darkness
                        if standard remote id fails: land as soon as practical
                        where must serial number be listed when using standard remote id or a broadcast module?
                              Doc of compliance | mfr's method of compliance | Certificate of Aircraft Registration
                        for Category 1 operations, PIC must weigh: < 0.55lbs
                        which Cat must have airworthyness certificate from FAA? -> 4 | 3 | 2

Background

https://hamradioprep.com/fpv-drones-using-a-ham-radio-license/ https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot

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