Major Objects

Use Major Objects for fast in-memory handling of large amount of data that is thread-safe but must be persisted. Support complex objects with simple keys, fast lookup by multiple keys, serialization from/to multiple persistent layers, and fast DRY schema changes.

Major Objects

Use an unordered_set of const pointers to objects derived from PersistentIDObject (see below)
The main container's primary key is always db_id
Always use the db_id for foreign keys
Other containers can be created using other members as keys; the only cost is for a new set of pointers (not objects!)
- For other unordered_sets, just define new hash functions
- Other useful containers are sorted_vector and map (<key,value> pair)

PersistentIDObject

Add a dirty flag to all objects, set to true on any change that must be persisted
Use an internal in-memory max_db_id counter in the parent to generate the next db_id for a newly created object
This means that when creating new objects, there is NO NEED to access db, VERY IMPORTANT!
Use delayed-write tactics to write all dirty objects on idle time

Memory Model

Use a Datastore manager (aka "MemoryModel") to hold sets
It can look up objects by any key, and strip away const to return a mutable object. NOTE that the user must not damage the key values!
Derive a class from the memory model for persistence; it can use any persistence method (local, remote, sql, nosql, etc.).
Make sure that the base MemoryModel class is concrete not abstract, thread-safe and self-contained; this makes parallel calculations trivial, helps scalability, etc.

Schema Driven

Schema is shared across memory objects and every persistence layer. Follow a DRY pattern by generating all code from a common schema definition.
JSON schema is elegant as it is as simple as possible but no less, always use it. Essential tools:
- quicktype - use npm to install it and to incorporate code generation into CI; this gives us reflection in C++!
- JSON formatter
Always provide a constructor following this format, that by default creates temporary objects that can be safely thrown away:

   // This constructor serves several purposes:
   //  1) standard full-param constructor, efficient for both deserializing and initializing
   //  2) no-param constructor for reflection via quicktype
   //  3) id constructor for loading via id + quicktype fields
   //  4) id constructor for use as key for unsorted_set::find()
   StockQuoteDetails(
       int64_t db_id = PersistentIDObject::DBID_DO_NOT_SAVE,
       double quote = -1.0,
       time_t timestamp = 0,               // Set invalid by default until we get a live one
       AutotradeParameterSet* p_aps = 0    // For global autoanalysis results
   ) :
       // Call base class
       inherited(sq_max_db_id_,db_id),

       // internal members
       n_refcount_(1)
   {
       // persistent members
       quote_ = quote;
       timestamp_ = timestamp;
   }

Use object pointers in memory, and provide code-friendly accessors, eg:

   // EXTERNAL REFERENCES
   // NOTE we are not responsible for these allocations.
   // Access pointers to parents as references.
   void setParent(BrokerAccount& ba) { pba_ = &ba; }
   BrokerAccount& ba() { assert(pba_ != 0); return *pba_; }
   BrokerAccount& ba() const { assert(pba_ != 0); return *pba_; }

   void setStockQuote(StockQuote& sq) { psq_ = &sq; }
   StockQuote& sq() { assert(psq_ != 0); return *psq_; }
   StockQuote& sq() const { assert(psq_ != 0); return *psq_; }

   // Accces nullable pointers directly.
   AnalysisData* pad_;     // the analysis parameters used to run the last analysis

Use simple JSON types in memory, and provide code-friendly accessors, eg:

       // Cast database JSON types to code-friendly types
       RANK_TYPE rt() const { return (RANK_TYPE)rank_type_; }
       APS_SCOPE scope() const { return (APS_SCOPE)aps_scope_; }
       ORDER_STATUS status() const { return (ORDER_STATUS)order_status_; }
       time_t tFirstSellDate() const { return (time_t)first_sell_date_; }
       double  getPctGain(GAIN_TIMEINTERVAL_TYPE gtt) const;
       void    setPctGain(GAIN_TIMEINTERVAL_TYPE gtt, const double& gain);
       int64_t getSellsCount(GAIN_TIMEINTERVAL_TYPE gtt) const;
       void    setSellsCount(GAIN_TIMEINTERVAL_TYPE gtt, int64_t count);

Read pattern: read entire set, then loop the set and patch/distribute each object as needed; eg:

bool SqliteLocalModel::readUsers() {
   int_fast32_t count = 0;
   try {
       if (!read("AppUsers",AppUser(),users_))
           return false;
       for (auto& u : users_)
       {
           addAppUserToMemory(u);
           u->setSaved();
           ++count;
       }
   }

Write pattern: hopefully simple, eg:

bool SqliteLocalModel::write(AppUser& obj) { 
    json j; to_json(j,obj); return write("AppUsers",obj,j,true);
}

THE RESULT

Fast efficient unsorted_set<PersistentIDObject*> containers that can be automatically serialized to/from any database layer
Fast supplemental in-memory indexes into objects wherever needed
DRY code that allows rapid schema changes within a complete yet simplified codebase

Delayed delete pattern

           1) to dynamically delete an object: 
               a) ba.setDeleted();
               b) do not remove from any container indexes
               c) but fix the index sorting, flags, etc, as if the object were gone, so the program will function as if it is!
                  eg: do not remove from runsByRank_, but adjust all other ranking as if the run was gone
           2) include deleted status in active check, etc.:
               // NOTE use the direct function rather than !bFunc(), as deleted objects return false for both.
               bool bActive() const        { return b_active_ && !bDeleted();  }
               bool bInactive() const      { return !b_active_ && !bDeleted(); }
               ---
               for (auto& psr: runsByRank_) {
                 if (psr->bDeleted()) continue;
                 ...
           3) all deletion work is done in MemoryModel::saveDirtyObjectsAsNeeded(), see that code
               a) deletion check should happen in delayed write check:
                   if (pau->bDirtyOrDeleted())
                       bNeeded = true;
               b) if bNeeded, always do deletions first, starting with greatest grandparent container, to minimize work
               c) use the erase-remove pattern to remove all deleted items in one loop
                   see code here for reference implementation: BrokerAccount::removeDeletedStockRuns()
                     i) iterate and remove item from all secondary indices
                     ii) iterate primary index, and use the lambda of the erase-remove operation to delete memory allocation and remove db record
                     iii) associative container iterators can be safely deleted directly
                          sequential containers like vector require use of erase-remove idiom
                          see reference implementation for example code!